| Flood zone at the structure | FEMA National Flood Hazard Layer intersected with the building footprint, not the parcel | Establishes whether the structure sits in an A, AE, VE, shaded X or unmapped area, and how much of the footprint is affected. Finished floor elevation needs an elevation certificate. |
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| Terrain and local drainage | USGS 3DEP LiDAR-derived elevation at and around the footprint | Shows whether the building sits in a local low point and where sheet flow collects, which often explains repeated losses outside any flood zone. It is not a hydraulic model. |
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| Accumulated hail exposure | NOAA severe weather reports and gridded hail swaths at the parcel, dated and sized | Counts dated hail days at or above 1.0 in and 1.75 in since a chosen baseline, usually the last reroof. It does not prove damage, loss or an open claim. |
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| Design wind context | ASCE 7 basic wind speed and exposure category at the coordinate, distance to open coast | Establishes the design basis and whether the building sits in a wind-borne debris region, which drives glazing and roof-attachment requirements. It says nothing about as-built attachment. |
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| Roof vulnerability | Aerial imagery: membrane or metal system, ballast, parapet height, unit restraint, drainage | Identifies the roofs most exposed to hail and uplift — ballasted systems in hail country, unrestrained units in high wind, blocked drains. Fastener pattern and uplift rating need an inspection. |
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| Wildfire exposure | Federal wildfire risk and fuel datasets, LiDAR slope, visible defensible-space clearance | Ranks assets by fuel proximity, slope-driven fire behaviour and the clearance that actually exists today. It does not predict ignition, and vegetation changes faster than imagery refreshes. |
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| Heat and roof thermal load | Extreme-heat day frequency, urban heat island surface temperature, roof colour from imagery | Flags assets where dark low-slope membrane in a heat island pressures mechanical capacity and tenant continuity. It is not an HVAC capacity calculation. |
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| Access and continuity geography | Road network topology at the site, single-access conditions, adjacency to rail and industry | Identifies assets with one way in, or a hazardous neighbour, where an event isolates operations even if the building is untouched. It does not model utility restoration priority. |
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